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The colonies are most common in open, sunny areas, but occasionally occur indoors and within structures such as utility housings or tree trunks. In clay-type soils, mounds may reach 30 to 40 cash advance loans high and 30 to 50 cm in diameter. The mounds have no entrance holes or central entrance hole on the surface.
Inside, the mounds have interconnecting galleries that may extend 30 to 40 cm deep, although some tunnels can penetrate to the water table.
Under extremely hot, dry conditions, colonies may live underground cash advance loans not develop surface nests or mounds. A fully developed colony can contain over 200,000 to 400,000 ants. In response to solar radiation and ambient conditions, the fire ants move within the mound seeking an optimum temperature for the development of the brood (eggs, larvae and pupae), a process called thermoregulation.
Foraging worker ants enter and exit through tunnels radiating up to 5 to 10 m away from the mound. The disturbance of mounds results in a rapid defensive response by the worker ants, which quickly run up the vertical surfaces to bite and sting any objects that are encountered.
Genetics The winged reproductive male ants develop from eggs that are not fertilized. The fertilized eggs can develop into either sterile female worker cash advance loans or winged reproductive females, depending on the nutrition provided to the larval stages and chemical signals (juvenile hormone level and pheromones) within the colony.
Two forms of S. Polygyne colonies contain two or more inseminated, reproductively-active queen ants. The worker ants in single-queen colonies respond defensively to neighbouring colonies to maintain territories, whereas multiple-queen colony worker ants do not display territorial behaviour. Consequently, cash advance loans they can produce three to ten times as many ant mounds in a given area of land infested with the polygyne form, which results in 500 mounds and 50 million ants per hectare.
The areas infested with the single queen form normally have 50 to 75 mounds per hectare. These forms can be separated by multiplex PCR of Gp-9 alleles (Valles and Porter, 2003). Upon locating food resources, ants develop a trail using a pheromone that directs other worker ants to the site. Fire ants are omnivores that consume sugars (carbohydrates), certain amino acids, ions in solution and some oils, containing polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Although they primarily consume other arthropods and honeydew produced by some types of sucking insects (Homoptera), they will also consume seeds and other plant parts like developing or ripening fruit, and dead plant and animal tissues.
While sugar is utilised primarily by the workers, amino acids are preferentially consumed by the queen and larvae. Plant oil is consumed equally among workers and larvae (Taber, 2000).
The worker ants only consume liquids and very small particles, storing food in their crops and postpharyngeal gland (oils only) until they feed it to other worker ants and ultimately to the larvae and queen(s).
This process is called trophallaxis. The young larval stages (instars) are only fed regurgitated liquid food. However, the final (fourth) larval stage can digest solid food particles. The worker ants place bits of solid food in a small depression (called a food basket) just in front of and beneath the larva's mouth (an area called the presternum).
They externally digest the proteins (extra-orally) by secreting enzymes, and by chewing and swallowing smaller particles. They are sealed in a chamber and they begin to lay eggs Newly mated polygyne queens lay 20-30 eggs per day and monogyne queens lay around 200 eggs per day.
Mature monogyne queen ant can produce 800-1000 eggs per day (Taber, 2000). Larvae hatch from eggs 6 to 10 days after laying. The larvae are fed from energy produced from the breakdown of flight muscles, infertile (trophic) eggs, young larvae and oil reserves.
The first worker ants that emerge are uniformly small and are called nanitics or minims. Queens from polygyne colonies are not as successful at founding new colonies as monogyne queens.